001/*
002 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
003 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
004 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
005 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
006 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
007 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
008 *
009 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
010 *
011 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
012 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
013 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
014 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
015 * limitations under the License.
016 */
017package org.openstreetmap.josm.data.validation.routines;
018
019import java.net.IDN;
020import java.util.Arrays;
021import java.util.Locale;
022import java.util.stream.IntStream;
023
024import org.openstreetmap.josm.tools.Logging;
025
026/**
027 * <p><b>Domain name</b> validation routines.</p>
028 *
029 * <p>
030 * This validator provides methods for validating Internet domain names
031 * and top-level domains.
032 * </p>
033 *
034 * <p>Domain names are evaluated according
035 * to the standards <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1034.txt">RFC1034</a>,
036 * section 3, and <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1123.txt">RFC1123</a>,
037 * section 2.1. No accommodation is provided for the specialized needs of
038 * other applications; if the domain name has been URL-encoded, for example,
039 * validation will fail even though the equivalent plaintext version of the
040 * same name would have passed.
041 * </p>
042 *
043 * <p>
044 * Validation is also provided for top-level domains (TLDs) as defined and
045 * maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA):
046 * </p>
047 *
048 *   <ul>
049 *     <li>{@link #isValidInfrastructureTld} - validates infrastructure TLDs
050 *         (<code>.arpa</code>, etc.)</li>
051 *     <li>{@link #isValidGenericTld} - validates generic TLDs
052 *         (<code>.com, .org</code>, etc.)</li>
053 *     <li>{@link #isValidCountryCodeTld} - validates country code TLDs
054 *         (<code>.us, .uk, .cn</code>, etc.)</li>
055 *   </ul>
056 *
057 * <p>
058 * (<b>NOTE</b>: This class does not provide IP address lookup for domain names or
059 * methods to ensure that a given domain name matches a specific IP; see
060 * {@link java.net.InetAddress} for that functionality.)
061 * </p>
062 *
063 * @version $Revision: 1740822 $
064 * @since Validator 1.4
065 */
066public final class DomainValidator extends AbstractValidator {
067
068    private static final int MAX_DOMAIN_LENGTH = 253;
069
070    private static final String[] EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY = new String[0];
071
072    // Regular expression strings for hostnames (derived from RFC2396 and RFC 1123)
073
074    // RFC2396: domainlabel   = alphanum | alphanum *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum
075    // Max 63 characters
076    private static final String DOMAIN_LABEL_REGEX = "\\p{Alnum}(?>[\\p{Alnum}-]{0,61}\\p{Alnum})?";
077
078    // RFC2396 toplabel = alpha | alpha *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum
079    // Max 63 characters
080    private static final String TOP_LABEL_REGEX = "\\p{Alpha}(?>[\\p{Alnum}-]{0,61}\\p{Alnum})?";
081
082    // RFC2396 hostname = *( domainlabel "." ) toplabel [ "." ]
083    // Note that the regex currently requires both a domain label and a top level label, whereas
084    // the RFC does not. This is because the regex is used to detect if a TLD is present.
085    // If the match fails, input is checked against DOMAIN_LABEL_REGEX (hostnameRegex)
086    // RFC1123 sec 2.1 allows hostnames to start with a digit
087    private static final String DOMAIN_NAME_REGEX =
088            "^(?:" + DOMAIN_LABEL_REGEX + "\\.)+" + "(" + TOP_LABEL_REGEX + ")\\.?$";
089
090    private final boolean allowLocal;
091
092    /**
093     * Singleton instance of this validator, which
094     *  doesn't consider local addresses as valid.
095     */
096    private static final DomainValidator DOMAIN_VALIDATOR = new DomainValidator(false);
097
098    /**
099     * Singleton instance of this validator, which does
100     *  consider local addresses valid.
101     */
102    private static final DomainValidator DOMAIN_VALIDATOR_WITH_LOCAL = new DomainValidator(true);
103
104    /**
105     * RegexValidator for matching domains.
106     */
107    private final RegexValidator domainRegex =
108            new RegexValidator(DOMAIN_NAME_REGEX);
109    /**
110     * RegexValidator for matching a local hostname
111     */
112    // RFC1123 sec 2.1 allows hostnames to start with a digit
113    private final RegexValidator hostnameRegex =
114            new RegexValidator(DOMAIN_LABEL_REGEX);
115
116    /**
117     * Returns the singleton instance of this validator. It
118     *  will not consider local addresses as valid.
119     * @return the singleton instance of this validator
120     */
121    public static synchronized DomainValidator getInstance() {
122        inUse = true;
123        return DOMAIN_VALIDATOR;
124    }
125
126    /**
127     * Returns the singleton instance of this validator,
128     *  with local validation as required.
129     * @param allowLocal Should local addresses be considered valid?
130     * @return the singleton instance of this validator
131     */
132    public static synchronized DomainValidator getInstance(boolean allowLocal) {
133        inUse = true;
134        if (allowLocal) {
135            return DOMAIN_VALIDATOR_WITH_LOCAL;
136        }
137        return DOMAIN_VALIDATOR;
138    }
139
140    /**
141     * Private constructor.
142     * @param allowLocal whether to allow local domains
143     */
144    private DomainValidator(boolean allowLocal) {
145        this.allowLocal = allowLocal;
146    }
147
148    /**
149     * Returns true if the specified <code>String</code> parses
150     * as a valid domain name with a recognized top-level domain.
151     * The parsing is case-insensitive.
152     * @param domain the parameter to check for domain name syntax
153     * @return true if the parameter is a valid domain name
154     */
155    @Override
156    public boolean isValid(String domain) {
157        if (domain == null) {
158            return false;
159        }
160        String asciiDomain = unicodeToASCII(domain);
161        // hosts must be equally reachable via punycode and Unicode
162        // Unicode is never shorter than punycode, so check punycode
163        // if domain did not convert, then it will be caught by ASCII
164        // checks in the regexes below
165        if (asciiDomain.length() > MAX_DOMAIN_LENGTH) {
166            return false;
167        }
168        String[] groups = domainRegex.match(asciiDomain);
169        if (groups != null && groups.length > 0) {
170            return isValidTld(groups[0]);
171        }
172        return allowLocal && hostnameRegex.isValid(asciiDomain);
173    }
174
175    @Override
176    public String getValidatorName() {
177        return null;
178    }
179
180    // package protected for unit test access
181    // must agree with isValid() above
182    boolean isValidDomainSyntax(String domain) {
183        if (domain == null) {
184            return false;
185        }
186        String asciiDomain = unicodeToASCII(domain);
187        // hosts must be equally reachable via punycode and Unicode
188        // Unicode is never shorter than punycode, so check punycode
189        // if domain did not convert, then it will be caught by ASCII
190        // checks in the regexes below
191        if (asciiDomain.length() > MAX_DOMAIN_LENGTH) {
192            return false;
193        }
194        String[] groups = domainRegex.match(asciiDomain);
195        return (groups != null && groups.length > 0)
196                || hostnameRegex.isValid(asciiDomain);
197    }
198
199    /**
200     * Returns true if the specified <code>String</code> matches any
201     * IANA-defined top-level domain. Leading dots are ignored if present.
202     * The search is case-insensitive.
203     * @param tld the parameter to check for TLD status, not null
204     * @return true if the parameter is a TLD
205     */
206    public boolean isValidTld(String tld) {
207        String asciiTld = unicodeToASCII(tld);
208        if (allowLocal && isValidLocalTld(asciiTld)) {
209            return true;
210        }
211        return isValidInfrastructureTld(asciiTld)
212                || isValidGenericTld(asciiTld)
213                || isValidCountryCodeTld(asciiTld);
214    }
215
216    /**
217     * Returns true if the specified <code>String</code> matches any
218     * IANA-defined infrastructure top-level domain. Leading dots are
219     * ignored if present. The search is case-insensitive.
220     * @param iTld the parameter to check for infrastructure TLD status, not null
221     * @return true if the parameter is an infrastructure TLD
222     */
223    public boolean isValidInfrastructureTld(String iTld) {
224        if (iTld == null) return false;
225        final String key = chompLeadingDot(unicodeToASCII(iTld).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
226        return arrayContains(INFRASTRUCTURE_TLDS, key);
227    }
228
229    /**
230     * Returns true if the specified <code>String</code> matches any
231     * IANA-defined generic top-level domain. Leading dots are ignored
232     * if present. The search is case-insensitive.
233     * @param gTld the parameter to check for generic TLD status, not null
234     * @return true if the parameter is a generic TLD
235     */
236    public boolean isValidGenericTld(String gTld) {
237        if (gTld == null) return false;
238        final String key = chompLeadingDot(unicodeToASCII(gTld).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
239        return (arrayContains(GENERIC_TLDS, key) || arrayContains(genericTLDsPlus, key))
240                && !arrayContains(genericTLDsMinus, key);
241    }
242
243    /**
244     * Returns true if the specified <code>String</code> matches any
245     * IANA-defined country code top-level domain. Leading dots are
246     * ignored if present. The search is case-insensitive.
247     * @param ccTld the parameter to check for country code TLD status, not null
248     * @return true if the parameter is a country code TLD
249     */
250    public boolean isValidCountryCodeTld(String ccTld) {
251        if (ccTld == null) return false;
252        final String key = chompLeadingDot(unicodeToASCII(ccTld).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
253        return (arrayContains(COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS, key) || arrayContains(countryCodeTLDsPlus, key))
254                && !arrayContains(countryCodeTLDsMinus, key);
255    }
256
257    /**
258     * Returns true if the specified <code>String</code> matches any
259     * widely used "local" domains (localhost or localdomain). Leading dots are
260     * ignored if present. The search is case-insensitive.
261     * @param lTld the parameter to check for local TLD status, not null
262     * @return true if the parameter is an local TLD
263     */
264    public boolean isValidLocalTld(String lTld) {
265        if (lTld == null) return false;
266        final String key = chompLeadingDot(unicodeToASCII(lTld).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
267        return arrayContains(LOCAL_TLDS, key);
268    }
269
270    private static String chompLeadingDot(String str) {
271        if (str.startsWith(".")) {
272            return str.substring(1);
273        }
274        return str;
275    }
276
277    // ---------------------------------------------
278    // ----- TLDs defined by IANA
279    // ----- Authoritative and comprehensive list at:
280    // ----- http://data.iana.org/TLD/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt
281
282    // Note that the above list is in UPPER case.
283    // The code currently converts strings to lower case (as per the tables below)
284
285    // IANA also provide an HTML list at http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db
286    // Note that this contains several country code entries which are NOT in
287    // the text file. These all have the "Not assigned" in the "Sponsoring Organisation" column
288    // For example (as of 2015-01-02):
289    // .bl  country-code    Not assigned
290    // .um  country-code    Not assigned
291
292    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
293    private static final String[] INFRASTRUCTURE_TLDS = {
294        "arpa",               // internet infrastructure
295    };
296
297    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
298    private static final String[] GENERIC_TLDS = {
299        // Taken from Version 2021102900, Last Updated Fri Oct 29 07:07:01 2021 UTC
300        "aaa", // aaa American Automobile Association, Inc.
301        "aarp", // aarp AARP
302        "abarth", // abarth Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
303        "abb", // abb ABB Ltd
304        "abbott", // abbott Abbott Laboratories, Inc.
305        "abbvie", // abbvie AbbVie Inc.
306        "abc", // abc Disney Enterprises, Inc.
307        "able", // able Able Inc.
308        "abogado", // abogado Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
309        "abudhabi", // abudhabi Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Centre
310        "academy", // academy Half Oaks, LLC
311        "accenture", // accenture Accenture plc
312        "accountant", // accountant dot Accountant Limited
313        "accountants", // accountants Knob Town, LLC
314        "aco", // aco ACO Severin Ahlmann GmbH &amp; Co. KG
315        "actor", // actor United TLD Holdco Ltd.
316        "adac", // adac Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club e.V. (ADAC)
317        "ads", // ads Charleston Road Registry Inc.
318        "adult", // adult ICM Registry AD LLC
319        "aeg", // aeg Aktiebolaget Electrolux
320        "aero", // aero Societe Internationale de Telecommunications Aeronautique (SITA INC USA)
321        "aetna", // aetna Aetna Life Insurance Company
322        "afamilycompany", // afamilycompany Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
323        "afl", // afl Australian Football League
324        "africa", // africa ZA Central Registry NPC trading as Registry.Africa
325        "agakhan", // agakhan Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation)
326        "agency", // agency Steel Falls, LLC
327        "aig", // aig American International Group, Inc.
328        "airbus", // airbus Airbus S.A.S.
329        "airforce", // airforce United TLD Holdco Ltd.
330        "airtel", // airtel Bharti Airtel Limited
331        "akdn", // akdn Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation)
332        "alfaromeo", // alfaromeo Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
333        "alibaba", // alibaba Alibaba Group Holding Limited
334        "alipay", // alipay Alibaba Group Holding Limited
335        "allfinanz", // allfinanz Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft
336        "allstate", // allstate Allstate Fire and Casualty Insurance Company
337        "ally", // ally Ally Financial Inc.
338        "alsace", // alsace REGION D ALSACE
339        "alstom", // alstom ALSTOM
340        "amazon", // amazon Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
341        "americanexpress", // americanexpress American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.
342        "americanfamily", // americanfamily AmFam, Inc.
343        "amex", // amex American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.
344        "amfam", // amfam AmFam, Inc.
345        "amica", // amica Amica Mutual Insurance Company
346        "amsterdam", // amsterdam Gemeente Amsterdam
347        "analytics", // analytics Campus IP LLC
348        "android", // android Charleston Road Registry Inc.
349        "anquan", // anquan QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
350        "anz", // anz Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited
351        "aol", // aol AOL Inc.
352        "apartments", // apartments June Maple, LLC
353        "app", // app Charleston Road Registry Inc.
354        "apple", // apple Apple Inc.
355        "aquarelle", // aquarelle Aquarelle.com
356        "arab", // arab League of Arab States
357        "aramco", // aramco Aramco Services Company
358        "archi", // archi STARTING DOT LIMITED
359        "army", // army United TLD Holdco Ltd.
360        "art", // art UK Creative Ideas Limited
361        "arte", // arte Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E.
362        "asda", // asda Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
363        "asia", // asia DotAsia Organisation Ltd.
364        "associates", // associates Baxter Hill, LLC
365        "athleta", // athleta The Gap, Inc.
366        "attorney", // attorney United TLD Holdco, Ltd
367        "auction", // auction United TLD HoldCo, Ltd.
368        "audi", // audi AUDI Aktiengesellschaft
369        "audible", // audible Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
370        "audio", // audio Uniregistry, Corp.
371        "auspost", // auspost Australian Postal Corporation
372        "author", // author Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
373        "auto", // auto Uniregistry, Corp.
374        "autos", // autos DERAutos, LLC
375        "avianca", // avianca Aerovias del Continente Americano S.A. Avianca
376        "aws", // aws Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
377        "axa", // axa AXA SA
378        "azure", // azure Microsoft Corporation
379        "baby", // baby Johnson &amp; Johnson Services, Inc.
380        "baidu", // baidu Baidu, Inc.
381        "banamex", // banamex Citigroup Inc.
382        "bananarepublic", // bananarepublic The Gap, Inc.
383        "band", // band United TLD Holdco, Ltd
384        "bank", // bank fTLD Registry Services, LLC
385        "bar", // bar Punto 2012 Sociedad Anonima Promotora de Inversion de Capital Variable
386        "barcelona", // barcelona Municipi de Barcelona
387        "barclaycard", // barclaycard Barclays Bank PLC
388        "barclays", // barclays Barclays Bank PLC
389        "barefoot", // barefoot Gallo Vineyards, Inc.
390        "bargains", // bargains Half Hallow, LLC
391        "baseball", // baseball MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC
392        "basketball", // basketball Fédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA)
393        "bauhaus", // bauhaus Werkhaus GmbH
394        "bayern", // bayern Bayern Connect GmbH
395        "bbc", // bbc British Broadcasting Corporation
396        "bbt", // bbt BB&amp;T Corporation
397        "bbva", // bbva BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.
398        "bcg", // bcg The Boston Consulting Group, Inc.
399        "bcn", // bcn Municipi de Barcelona
400        "beats", // beats Beats Electronics, LLC
401        "beauty", // beauty L&#39;Oréal
402        "beer", // beer Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
403        "bentley", // bentley Bentley Motors Limited
404        "berlin", // berlin dotBERLIN GmbH &amp; Co. KG
405        "best", // best BestTLD Pty Ltd
406        "bestbuy", // bestbuy BBY Solutions, Inc.
407        "bet", // bet Afilias plc
408        "bharti", // bharti Bharti Enterprises (Holding) Private Limited
409        "bible", // bible American Bible Society
410        "bid", // bid dot Bid Limited
411        "bike", // bike Grand Hollow, LLC
412        "bing", // bing Microsoft Corporation
413        "bingo", // bingo Sand Cedar, LLC
414        "bio", // bio STARTING DOT LIMITED
415        "biz", // biz Neustar, Inc.
416        "black", // black Afilias Limited
417        "blackfriday", // blackfriday Uniregistry, Corp.
418        "blockbuster", // blockbuster Dish DBS Corporation
419        "blog", // blog Knock Knock WHOIS There, LLC
420        "bloomberg", // bloomberg Bloomberg IP Holdings LLC
421        "blue", // blue Afilias Limited
422        "bms", // bms Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
423        "bmw", // bmw Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft
424        "bnpparibas", // bnpparibas BNP Paribas
425        "boats", // boats DERBoats, LLC
426        "boehringer", // boehringer Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
427        "bofa", // bofa NMS Services, Inc.
428        "bom", // bom Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
429        "bond", // bond Bond University Limited
430        "boo", // boo Charleston Road Registry Inc.
431        "book", // book Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
432        "booking", // booking Booking.com B.V.
433        "bosch", // bosch Robert Bosch GMBH
434        "bostik", // bostik Bostik SA
435        "boston", // boston Boston TLD Management, LLC
436        "bot", // bot Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
437        "boutique", // boutique Over Galley, LLC
438        "box", // box NS1 Limited
439        "bradesco", // bradesco Banco Bradesco S.A.
440        "bridgestone", // bridgestone Bridgestone Corporation
441        "broadway", // broadway Celebrate Broadway, Inc.
442        "broker", // broker DOTBROKER REGISTRY LTD
443        "brother", // brother Brother Industries, Ltd.
444        "brussels", // brussels DNS.be vzw
445        "budapest", // budapest Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
446        "bugatti", // bugatti Bugatti International SA
447        "build", // build Plan Bee LLC
448        "builders", // builders Atomic Madison, LLC
449        "business", // business Spring Cross, LLC
450        "buy", // buy Amazon Registry Services, INC
451        "buzz", // buzz DOTSTRATEGY CO.
452        "bzh", // bzh Association www.bzh
453        "cab", // cab Half Sunset, LLC
454        "cafe", // cafe Pioneer Canyon, LLC
455        "cal", // cal Charleston Road Registry Inc.
456        "call", // call Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
457        "calvinklein", // calvinklein PVH gTLD Holdings LLC
458        "cam", // cam AC Webconnecting Holding B.V.
459        "camera", // camera Atomic Maple, LLC
460        "camp", // camp Delta Dynamite, LLC
461        "cancerresearch", // cancerresearch Australian Cancer Research Foundation
462        "canon", // canon Canon Inc.
463        "capetown", // capetown ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry
464        "capital", // capital Delta Mill, LLC
465        "capitalone", // capitalone Capital One Financial Corporation
466        "car", // car Cars Registry Limited
467        "caravan", // caravan Caravan International, Inc.
468        "cards", // cards Foggy Hollow, LLC
469        "care", // care Goose Cross, LLC
470        "career", // career dotCareer LLC
471        "careers", // careers Wild Corner, LLC
472        "cars", // cars Uniregistry, Corp.
473        "casa", // casa Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
474        "case", // case CNH Industrial N.V.
475        "cash", // cash Delta Lake, LLC
476        "casino", // casino Binky Sky, LLC
477        "cat", // cat Fundacio puntCAT
478        "catering", // catering New Falls. LLC
479        "catholic", // catholic Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)
480        "cba", // cba COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA
481        "cbn", // cbn The Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc.
482        "cbre", // cbre CBRE, Inc.
483        "cbs", // cbs CBS Domains Inc.
484        "center", // center Tin Mill, LLC
485        "ceo", // ceo CEOTLD Pty Ltd
486        "cern", // cern European Organization for Nuclear Research (&quot;CERN&quot;)
487        "cfa", // cfa CFA Institute
488        "cfd", // cfd DOTCFD REGISTRY LTD
489        "chanel", // chanel Chanel International B.V.
490        "channel", // channel Charleston Road Registry Inc.
491        "charity", // charity Corn Lake, LLC
492        "chase", // chase JPMorgan Chase &amp; Co.
493        "chat", // chat Sand Fields, LLC
494        "cheap", // cheap Sand Cover, LLC
495        "chintai", // chintai CHINTAI Corporation
496        "christmas", // christmas Uniregistry, Corp.
497        "chrome", // chrome Charleston Road Registry Inc.
498        "church", // church Holly Fileds, LLC
499        "cipriani", // cipriani Hotel Cipriani Srl
500        "circle", // circle Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
501        "cisco", // cisco Cisco Technology, Inc.
502        "citadel", // citadel Citadel Domain LLC
503        "citi", // citi Citigroup Inc.
504        "citic", // citic CITIC Group Corporation
505        "city", // city Snow Sky, LLC
506        "cityeats", // cityeats Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
507        "claims", // claims Black Corner, LLC
508        "cleaning", // cleaning Fox Shadow, LLC
509        "click", // click Uniregistry, Corp.
510        "clinic", // clinic Goose Park, LLC
511        "clinique", // clinique The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.
512        "clothing", // clothing Steel Lake, LLC
513        "cloud", // cloud ARUBA S.p.A.
514        "club", // club .CLUB DOMAINS, LLC
515        "clubmed", // clubmed Club Méditerranée S.A.
516        "coach", // coach Koko Island, LLC
517        "codes", // codes Puff Willow, LLC
518        "coffee", // coffee Trixy Cover, LLC
519        "college", // college XYZ.COM LLC
520        "cologne", // cologne NetCologne Gesellschaft für Telekommunikation mbH
521        "com", // com VeriSign Global Registry Services
522        "comcast", // comcast Comcast IP Holdings I, LLC
523        "commbank", // commbank COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA
524        "community", // community Fox Orchard, LLC
525        "company", // company Silver Avenue, LLC
526        "compare", // compare iSelect Ltd
527        "computer", // computer Pine Mill, LLC
528        "comsec", // comsec VeriSign, Inc.
529        "condos", // condos Pine House, LLC
530        "construction", // construction Fox Dynamite, LLC
531        "consulting", // consulting United TLD Holdco, LTD.
532        "contact", // contact Top Level Spectrum, Inc.
533        "contractors", // contractors Magic Woods, LLC
534        "cooking", // cooking Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
535        "cookingchannel", // cookingchannel Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
536        "cool", // cool Koko Lake, LLC
537        "coop", // coop DotCooperation LLC
538        "corsica", // corsica Collectivité Territoriale de Corse
539        "country", // country Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
540        "coupon", // coupon Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
541        "coupons", // coupons Black Island, LLC
542        "courses", // courses OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD
543        "cpa", // cpa American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
544        "credit", // credit Snow Shadow, LLC
545        "creditcard", // creditcard Binky Frostbite, LLC
546        "creditunion", // creditunion CUNA Performance Resources, LLC
547        "cricket", // cricket dot Cricket Limited
548        "crown", // crown Crown Equipment Corporation
549        "crs", // crs Federated Co-operatives Limited
550        "cruise", // cruise Viking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd.
551        "cruises", // cruises Spring Way, LLC
552        "csc", // csc Alliance-One Services, Inc.
553        "cuisinella", // cuisinella SALM S.A.S.
554        "cymru", // cymru Nominet UK
555        "cyou", // cyou Beijing Gamease Age Digital Technology Co., Ltd.
556        "dabur", // dabur Dabur India Limited
557        "dad", // dad Charleston Road Registry Inc.
558        "dance", // dance United TLD Holdco Ltd.
559        "data", // data Dish DBS Corporation
560        "date", // date dot Date Limited
561        "dating", // dating Pine Fest, LLC
562        "datsun", // datsun NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
563        "day", // day Charleston Road Registry Inc.
564        "dclk", // dclk Charleston Road Registry Inc.
565        "dds", // dds Minds + Machines Group Limited
566        "deal", // deal Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
567        "dealer", // dealer Dealer Dot Com, Inc.
568        "deals", // deals Sand Sunset, LLC
569        "degree", // degree United TLD Holdco, Ltd
570        "delivery", // delivery Steel Station, LLC
571        "dell", // dell Dell Inc.
572        "deloitte", // deloitte Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
573        "delta", // delta Delta Air Lines, Inc.
574        "democrat", // democrat United TLD Holdco Ltd.
575        "dental", // dental Tin Birch, LLC
576        "dentist", // dentist United TLD Holdco, Ltd
577        "desi", // desi Desi Networks LLC
578        "design", // design Top Level Design, LLC
579        "dev", // dev Charleston Road Registry Inc.
580        "dhl", // dhl Deutsche Post AG
581        "diamonds", // diamonds John Edge, LLC
582        "diet", // diet Uniregistry, Corp.
583        "digital", // digital Dash Park, LLC
584        "direct", // direct Half Trail, LLC
585        "directory", // directory Extra Madison, LLC
586        "discount", // discount Holly Hill, LLC
587        "discover", // discover Discover Financial Services
588        "dish", // dish Dish DBS Corporation
589        "diy", // diy Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
590        "dnp", // dnp Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.
591        "docs", // docs Charleston Road Registry Inc.
592        "doctor", // doctor Brice Trail, LLC
593        "dog", // dog Koko Mill, LLC
594        "domains", // domains Sugar Cross, LLC
595        "dot", // dot Dish DBS Corporation
596        "download", // download dot Support Limited
597        "drive", // drive Charleston Road Registry Inc.
598        "dtv", // dtv Dish DBS Corporation
599        "dubai", // dubai Dubai Smart Government Department
600        "duck", // duck Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
601        "dunlop", // dunlop The Goodyear Tire &amp; Rubber Company
602        "dupont", // dupont E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
603        "durban", // durban ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry
604        "dvag", // dvag Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
605        "dvr", // dvr Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation
606        "earth", // earth Interlink Co., Ltd.
607        "eat", // eat Charleston Road Registry Inc.
608        "eco", // eco Big Room Inc.
609        "edeka", // edeka EDEKA Verband kaufmännischer Genossenschaften e.V.
610        "edu", // edu EDUCAUSE
611        "education", // education Brice Way, LLC
612        "email", // email Spring Madison, LLC
613        "emerck", // emerck Merck KGaA
614        "energy", // energy Binky Birch, LLC
615        "engineer", // engineer United TLD Holdco Ltd.
616        "engineering", // engineering Romeo Canyon
617        "enterprises", // enterprises Snow Oaks, LLC
618        "epson", // epson Seiko Epson Corporation
619        "equipment", // equipment Corn Station, LLC
620        "ericsson", // ericsson Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson
621        "erni", // erni ERNI Group Holding AG
622        "esq", // esq Charleston Road Registry Inc.
623        "estate", // estate Trixy Park, LLC
624        "etisalat", // etisalat Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat)
625        "eurovision", // eurovision European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
626        "eus", // eus Puntueus Fundazioa
627        "events", // events Pioneer Maple, LLC
628        "exchange", // exchange Spring Falls, LLC
629        "expert", // expert Magic Pass, LLC
630        "exposed", // exposed Victor Beach, LLC
631        "express", // express Sea Sunset, LLC
632        "extraspace", // extraspace Extra Space Storage LLC
633        "fage", // fage Fage International S.A.
634        "fail", // fail Atomic Pipe, LLC
635        "fairwinds", // fairwinds FairWinds Partners, LLC
636        "faith", // faith dot Faith Limited
637        "family", // family United TLD Holdco Ltd.
638        "fan", // fan Asiamix Digital Ltd
639        "fans", // fans Asiamix Digital Limited
640        "farm", // farm Just Maple, LLC
641        "farmers", // farmers Farmers Insurance Exchange
642        "fashion", // fashion Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
643        "fast", // fast Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
644        "fedex", // fedex Federal Express Corporation
645        "feedback", // feedback Top Level Spectrum, Inc.
646        "ferrari", // ferrari Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
647        "ferrero", // ferrero Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
648        "fiat", // fiat Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
649        "fidelity", // fidelity Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC
650        "fido", // fido Rogers Communications Canada Inc.
651        "film", // film Motion Picture Domain Registry Pty Ltd
652        "final", // final Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
653        "finance", // finance Cotton Cypress, LLC
654        "financial", // financial Just Cover, LLC
655        "fire", // fire Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
656        "firestone", // firestone Bridgestone Corporation
657        "firmdale", // firmdale Firmdale Holdings Limited
658        "fish", // fish Fox Woods, LLC
659        "fishing", // fishing Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
660        "fit", // fit Minds + Machines Group Limited
661        "fitness", // fitness Brice Orchard, LLC
662        "flickr", // flickr Yahoo! Domain Services Inc.
663        "flights", // flights Fox Station, LLC
664        "flir", // flir FLIR Systems, Inc.
665        "florist", // florist Half Cypress, LLC
666        "flowers", // flowers Uniregistry, Corp.
667        "fly", // fly Charleston Road Registry Inc.
668        "foo", // foo Charleston Road Registry Inc.
669        "food", // food Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
670        "foodnetwork", // foodnetwork Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
671        "football", // football Foggy Farms, LLC
672        "ford", // ford Ford Motor Company
673        "forex", // forex DOTFOREX REGISTRY LTD
674        "forsale", // forsale United TLD Holdco, LLC
675        "forum", // forum Fegistry, LLC
676        "foundation", // foundation John Dale, LLC
677        "fox", // fox FOX Registry, LLC
678        "free", // free Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
679        "fresenius", // fresenius Fresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH
680        "frl", // frl FRLregistry B.V.
681        "frogans", // frogans OP3FT
682        "frontdoor", // frontdoor Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
683        "frontier", // frontier Frontier Communications Corporation
684        "ftr", // ftr Frontier Communications Corporation
685        "fujitsu", // fujitsu Fujitsu Limited
686        "fun", // fun DotSpace, Inc.
687        "fund", // fund John Castle, LLC
688        "furniture", // furniture Lone Fields, LLC
689        "futbol", // futbol United TLD Holdco, Ltd.
690        "fyi", // fyi Silver Tigers, LLC
691        "gal", // gal Asociación puntoGAL
692        "gallery", // gallery Sugar House, LLC
693        "gallo", // gallo Gallo Vineyards, Inc.
694        "gallup", // gallup Gallup, Inc.
695        "game", // game Uniregistry, Corp.
696        "games", // games United TLD Holdco Ltd.
697        "gap", // gap The Gap, Inc.
698        "garden", // garden Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
699        "gay", // gay Top Level Design, LLC
700        "gbiz", // gbiz Charleston Road Registry Inc.
701        "gdn", // gdn Joint Stock Company "Navigation-information systems"
702        "gea", // gea GEA Group Aktiengesellschaft
703        "gent", // gent COMBELL GROUP NV/SA
704        "genting", // genting Resorts World Inc. Pte. Ltd.
705        "george", // george Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
706        "ggee", // ggee GMO Internet, Inc.
707        "gift", // gift Uniregistry, Corp.
708        "gifts", // gifts Goose Sky, LLC
709        "gives", // gives United TLD Holdco Ltd.
710        "giving", // giving Giving Limited
711        "glade", // glade Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
712        "glass", // glass Black Cover, LLC
713        "gle", // gle Charleston Road Registry Inc.
714        "global", // global Dot Global Domain Registry Limited
715        "globo", // globo Globo Comunicação e Participações S.A
716        "gmail", // gmail Charleston Road Registry Inc.
717        "gmbh", // gmbh Extra Dynamite, LLC
718        "gmo", // gmo GMO Internet, Inc.
719        "gmx", // gmx 1&amp;1 Mail &amp; Media GmbH
720        "godaddy", // godaddy Go Daddy East, LLC
721        "gold", // gold June Edge, LLC
722        "goldpoint", // goldpoint YODOBASHI CAMERA CO.,LTD.
723        "golf", // golf Lone Falls, LLC
724        "goo", // goo NTT Resonant Inc.
725        "goodyear", // goodyear The Goodyear Tire &amp; Rubber Company
726        "goog", // goog Charleston Road Registry Inc.
727        "google", // google Charleston Road Registry Inc.
728        "gop", // gop Republican State Leadership Committee, Inc.
729        "got", // got Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
730        "gov", // gov General Services Administration Attn: QTDC, 2E08 (.gov Domain Registration)
731        "grainger", // grainger Grainger Registry Services, LLC
732        "graphics", // graphics Over Madison, LLC
733        "gratis", // gratis Pioneer Tigers, LLC
734        "green", // green Afilias Limited
735        "gripe", // gripe Corn Sunset, LLC
736        "grocery", // grocery Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
737        "group", // group Romeo Town, LLC
738        "guardian", // guardian The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America
739        "gucci", // gucci Guccio Gucci S.p.a.
740        "guge", // guge Charleston Road Registry Inc.
741        "guide", // guide Snow Moon, LLC
742        "guitars", // guitars Uniregistry, Corp.
743        "guru", // guru Pioneer Cypress, LLC
744        "hair", // hair L&#39;Oreal
745        "hamburg", // hamburg Hamburg Top-Level-Domain GmbH
746        "hangout", // hangout Charleston Road Registry Inc.
747        "haus", // haus United TLD Holdco, LTD.
748        "hbo", // hbo HBO Registry Services, Inc.
749        "hdfc", // hdfc HOUSING DEVELOPMENT FINANCE CORPORATION LIMITED
750        "hdfcbank", // hdfcbank HDFC Bank Limited
751        "health", // health DotHealth, LLC
752        "healthcare", // healthcare Silver Glen, LLC
753        "help", // help Uniregistry, Corp.
754        "helsinki", // helsinki City of Helsinki
755        "here", // here Charleston Road Registry Inc.
756        "hermes", // hermes Hermes International
757        "hgtv", // hgtv Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
758        "hiphop", // hiphop Uniregistry, Corp.
759        "hisamitsu", // hisamitsu Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co.,Inc.
760        "hitachi", // hitachi Hitachi, Ltd.
761        "hiv", // hiv dotHIV gemeinnuetziger e.V.
762        "hkt", // hkt PCCW-HKT DataCom Services Limited
763        "hockey", // hockey Half Willow, LLC
764        "holdings", // holdings John Madison, LLC
765        "holiday", // holiday Goose Woods, LLC
766        "homedepot", // homedepot Homer TLC, Inc.
767        "homegoods", // homegoods The TJX Companies, Inc.
768        "homes", // homes DERHomes, LLC
769        "homesense", // homesense The TJX Companies, Inc.
770        "honda", // honda Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
771        "horse", // horse Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
772        "hospital", // hospital Ruby Pike, LLC
773        "host", // host DotHost Inc.
774        "hosting", // hosting Uniregistry, Corp.
775        "hot", // hot Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
776        "hoteles", // hoteles Travel Reservations SRL
777        "hotels", // hotels Booking.com B.V.
778        "hotmail", // hotmail Microsoft Corporation
779        "house", // house Sugar Park, LLC
780        "how", // how Charleston Road Registry Inc.
781        "hsbc", // hsbc HSBC Holdings PLC
782        "hughes", // hughes Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation
783        "hyatt", // hyatt Hyatt GTLD, L.L.C.
784        "hyundai", // hyundai Hyundai Motor Company
785        "ibm", // ibm International Business Machines Corporation
786        "icbc", // icbc Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited
787        "ice", // ice IntercontinentalExchange, Inc.
788        "icu", // icu One.com A/S
789        "ieee", // ieee IEEE Global LLC
790        "ifm", // ifm ifm electronic gmbh
791        "ikano", // ikano Ikano S.A.
792        "imamat", // imamat Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation)
793        "imdb", // imdb Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
794        "immo", // immo Auburn Bloom, LLC
795        "immobilien", // immobilien United TLD Holdco Ltd.
796        "inc", // inc Intercap Holdings Inc.
797        "industries", // industries Outer House, LLC
798        "infiniti", // infiniti NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
799        "info", // info Afilias Limited
800        "ing", // ing Charleston Road Registry Inc.
801        "ink", // ink Top Level Design, LLC
802        "institute", // institute Outer Maple, LLC
803        "insurance", // insurance fTLD Registry Services LLC
804        "insure", // insure Pioneer Willow, LLC
805        "int", // int Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
806        "international", // international Wild Way, LLC
807        "intuit", // intuit Intuit Administrative Services, Inc.
808        "investments", // investments Holly Glen, LLC
809        "ipiranga", // ipiranga Ipiranga Produtos de Petroleo S.A.
810        "irish", // irish Dot-Irish LLC
811        "ismaili", // ismaili Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation)
812        "ist", // ist Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
813        "istanbul", // istanbul Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality / Medya A.S.
814        "itau", // itau Itau Unibanco Holding S.A.
815        "itv", // itv ITV Services Limited
816        "jaguar", // jaguar Jaguar Land Rover Ltd
817        "java", // java Oracle Corporation
818        "jcb", // jcb JCB Co., Ltd.
819        "jeep", // jeep FCA US LLC.
820        "jetzt", // jetzt New TLD Company AB
821        "jewelry", // jewelry Wild Bloom, LLC
822        "jio", // jio Affinity Names, Inc.
823        "jll", // jll Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated
824        "jmp", // jmp Matrix IP LLC
825        "jnj", // jnj Johnson &amp; Johnson Services, Inc.
826        "jobs", // jobs Employ Media LLC
827        "joburg", // joburg ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry
828        "jot", // jot Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
829        "joy", // joy Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
830        "jpmorgan", // jpmorgan JPMorgan Chase &amp; Co.
831        "jprs", // jprs Japan Registry Services Co., Ltd.
832        "juegos", // juegos Uniregistry, Corp.
833        "juniper", // juniper JUNIPER NETWORKS, INC.
834        "kaufen", // kaufen United TLD Holdco Ltd.
835        "kddi", // kddi KDDI CORPORATION
836        "kerryhotels", // kerryhotels Kerry Trading Co. Limited
837        "kerrylogistics", // kerrylogistics Kerry Trading Co. Limited
838        "kerryproperties", // kerryproperties Kerry Trading Co. Limited
839        "kfh", // kfh Kuwait Finance House
840        "kia", // kia KIA MOTORS CORPORATION
841        "kim", // kim Afilias Limited
842        "kinder", // kinder Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
843        "kindle", // kindle Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
844        "kitchen", // kitchen Just Goodbye, LLC
845        "kiwi", // kiwi DOT KIWI LIMITED
846        "koeln", // koeln NetCologne Gesellschaft für Telekommunikation mbH
847        "komatsu", // komatsu Komatsu Ltd.
848        "kosher", // kosher Kosher Marketing Assets LLC
849        "kpmg", // kpmg KPMG International Cooperative (KPMG International Genossenschaft)
850        "kpn", // kpn Koninklijke KPN N.V.
851        "krd", // krd KRG Department of Information Technology
852        "kred", // kred KredTLD Pty Ltd
853        "kuokgroup", // kuokgroup Kerry Trading Co. Limited
854        "kyoto", // kyoto Academic Institution: Kyoto Jyoho Gakuen
855        "lacaixa", // lacaixa CAIXA D&#39;ESTALVIS I PENSIONS DE BARCELONA
856        "lamborghini", // lamborghini Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.
857        "lamer", // lamer The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.
858        "lancaster", // lancaster LANCASTER
859        "lancia", // lancia Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
860        "land", // land Pine Moon, LLC
861        "landrover", // landrover Jaguar Land Rover Ltd
862        "lanxess", // lanxess LANXESS Corporation
863        "lasalle", // lasalle Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated
864        "lat", // lat ECOM-LAC Federación de Latinoamérica y el Caribe para Internet y el Comercio Electrónico
865        "latino", // latino Dish DBS Corporation
866        "latrobe", // latrobe La Trobe University
867        "law", // law Minds + Machines Group Limited
868        "lawyer", // lawyer United TLD Holdco, Ltd
869        "lds", // lds IRI Domain Management, LLC
870        "lease", // lease Victor Trail, LLC
871        "leclerc", // leclerc A.C.D. LEC Association des Centres Distributeurs Edouard Leclerc
872        "lefrak", // lefrak LeFrak Organization, Inc.
873        "legal", // legal Blue Falls, LLC
874        "lego", // lego LEGO Juris A/S
875        "lexus", // lexus TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
876        "lgbt", // lgbt Afilias Limited
877        "lidl", // lidl Schwarz Domains und Services GmbH &amp; Co. KG
878        "life", // life Trixy Oaks, LLC
879        "lifeinsurance", // lifeinsurance American Council of Life Insurers
880        "lifestyle", // lifestyle Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
881        "lighting", // lighting John McCook, LLC
882        "like", // like Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
883        "lilly", // lilly Eli Lilly and Company
884        "limited", // limited Big Fest, LLC
885        "limo", // limo Hidden Frostbite, LLC
886        "lincoln", // lincoln Ford Motor Company
887        "linde", // linde Linde Aktiengesellschaft
888        "link", // link Uniregistry, Corp.
889        "lipsy", // lipsy Lipsy Ltd
890        "live", // live United TLD Holdco Ltd.
891        "living", // living Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
892        "lixil", // lixil LIXIL Group Corporation
893        "llc", // llc Afilias plc
894        "llp", // llp Dot Registry LLC
895        "loan", // loan dot Loan Limited
896        "loans", // loans June Woods, LLC
897        "locker", // locker Dish DBS Corporation
898        "locus", // locus Locus Analytics LLC
899        "loft", // loft Annco, Inc.
900        "lol", // lol Uniregistry, Corp.
901        "london", // london Dot London Domains Limited
902        "lotte", // lotte Lotte Holdings Co., Ltd.
903        "lotto", // lotto Afilias Limited
904        "love", // love Merchant Law Group LLP
905        "lpl", // lpl LPL Holdings, Inc.
906        "lplfinancial", // lplfinancial LPL Holdings, Inc.
907        "ltd", // ltd Over Corner, LLC
908        "ltda", // ltda InterNetX Corp.
909        "lundbeck", // lundbeck H. Lundbeck A/S
910        "luxe", // luxe Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
911        "luxury", // luxury Luxury Partners LLC
912        "macys", // macys Macys, Inc.
913        "madrid", // madrid Comunidad de Madrid
914        "maif", // maif Mutuelle Assurance Instituteur France (MAIF)
915        "maison", // maison Victor Frostbite, LLC
916        "makeup", // makeup L&#39;Oréal
917        "man", // man MAN SE
918        "management", // management John Goodbye, LLC
919        "mango", // mango PUNTO FA S.L.
920        "map", // map Charleston Road Registry Inc.
921        "market", // market Unitied TLD Holdco, Ltd
922        "marketing", // marketing Fern Pass, LLC
923        "markets", // markets DOTMARKETS REGISTRY LTD
924        "marriott", // marriott Marriott Worldwide Corporation
925        "marshalls", // marshalls The TJX Companies, Inc.
926        "maserati", // maserati Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
927        "mattel", // mattel Mattel Sites, Inc.
928        "mba", // mba Lone Hollow, LLC
929        "mckinsey", // mckinsey McKinsey Holdings, Inc.
930        "med", // med Medistry LLC
931        "media", // media Grand Glen, LLC
932        "meet", // meet Afilias Limited
933        "melbourne", // melbourne The Crown in right of the State of Victoria
934        "meme", // meme Charleston Road Registry Inc.
935        "memorial", // memorial Dog Beach, LLC
936        "men", // men Exclusive Registry Limited
937        "menu", // menu Wedding TLD2, LLC
938        "merckmsd", // merckmsd MSD Registry Holdings, Inc.
939        "miami", // miami Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
940        "microsoft", // microsoft Microsoft Corporation
941        "mil", // mil DoD Network Information Center
942        "mini", // mini Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft
943        "mint", // mint Intuit Administrative Services, Inc.
944        "mit", // mit Massachusetts Institute of Technology
945        "mitsubishi", // mitsubishi Mitsubishi Corporation
946        "mlb", // mlb MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC
947        "mls", // mls The Canadian Real Estate Association
948        "mma", // mma MMA IARD
949        "mobi", // mobi Afilias Technologies Limited dba dotMobi
950        "mobile", // mobile Dish DBS Corporation
951        "moda", // moda United TLD Holdco Ltd.
952        "moe", // moe Interlink Co., Ltd.
953        "moi", // moi Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
954        "mom", // mom Uniregistry, Corp.
955        "monash", // monash Monash University
956        "money", // money Outer McCook, LLC
957        "monster", // monster Monster Worldwide, Inc.
958        "mormon", // mormon IRI Domain Management, LLC (&quot;Applicant&quot;)
959        "mortgage", // mortgage United TLD Holdco, Ltd
960        "moscow", // moscow Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development (FAITID)
961        "moto", // moto Motorola Trademark Holdings, LLC
962        "motorcycles", // motorcycles DERMotorcycles, LLC
963        "mov", // mov Charleston Road Registry Inc.
964        "movie", // movie New Frostbite, LLC
965        "msd", // msd MSD Registry Holdings, Inc.
966        "mtn", // mtn MTN Dubai Limited
967        "mtr", // mtr MTR Corporation Limited
968        "museum", // museum Museum Domain Management Association
969        "music", // music DotMusic Limited
970        "mutual", // mutual Northwestern Mutual MU TLD Registry, LLC
971        "nab", // nab National Australia Bank Limited
972        "nagoya", // nagoya GMO Registry, Inc.
973        "name", // name VeriSign Information Services, Inc.
974        "natura", // natura NATURA COSMÉTICOS S.A.
975        "navy", // navy United TLD Holdco Ltd.
976        "nba", // nba NBA REGISTRY, LLC
977        "nec", // nec NEC Corporation
978        "net", // net VeriSign Global Registry Services
979        "netbank", // netbank COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA
980        "netflix", // netflix Netflix, Inc.
981        "network", // network Trixy Manor, LLC
982        "neustar", // neustar NeuStar, Inc.
983        "new", // new Charleston Road Registry Inc.
984        "news", // news United TLD Holdco Ltd.
985        "next", // next Next plc
986        "nextdirect", // nextdirect Next plc
987        "nexus", // nexus Charleston Road Registry Inc.
988        "nfl", // nfl NFL Reg Ops LLC
989        "ngo", // ngo Public Interest Registry
990        "nhk", // nhk Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK)
991        "nico", // nico DWANGO Co., Ltd.
992        "nike", // nike NIKE, Inc.
993        "nikon", // nikon NIKON CORPORATION
994        "ninja", // ninja United TLD Holdco Ltd.
995        "nissan", // nissan NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
996        "nissay", // nissay Nippon Life Insurance Company
997        "nokia", // nokia Nokia Corporation
998        "northwesternmutual", // northwesternmutual Northwestern Mutual Registry, LLC
999        "norton", // norton Symantec Corporation
1000        "now", // now Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
1001        "nowruz", // nowruz Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
1002        "nowtv", // nowtv Starbucks (HK) Limited
1003        "nra", // nra NRA Holdings Company, INC.
1004        "nrw", // nrw Minds + Machines GmbH
1005        "ntt", // ntt NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION
1006        "nyc", // nyc The City of New York by and through the New York City Department of Information Technology &amp; Telecommunications
1007        "obi", // obi OBI Group Holding SE &amp; Co. KGaA
1008        "observer", // observer Top Level Spectrum, Inc.
1009        "off", // off Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
1010        "office", // office Microsoft Corporation
1011        "okinawa", // okinawa BusinessRalliart inc.
1012        "olayan", // olayan Crescent Holding GmbH
1013        "olayangroup", // olayangroup Crescent Holding GmbH
1014        "oldnavy", // oldnavy The Gap, Inc.
1015        "ollo", // ollo Dish DBS Corporation
1016        "omega", // omega The Swatch Group Ltd
1017        "one", // one One.com A/S
1018        "ong", // ong Public Interest Registry
1019        "onl", // onl I-REGISTRY Ltd., Niederlassung Deutschland
1020        "online", // online DotOnline Inc.
1021        "ooo", // ooo INFIBEAM INCORPORATION LIMITED
1022        "open", // open American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.
1023        "oracle", // oracle Oracle Corporation
1024        "orange", // orange Orange Brand Services Limited
1025        "org", // org Public Interest Registry (PIR)
1026        "organic", // organic Afilias Limited
1027        "origins", // origins The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.
1028        "osaka", // osaka Interlink Co., Ltd.
1029        "otsuka", // otsuka Otsuka Holdings Co., Ltd.
1030        "ott", // ott Dish DBS Corporation
1031        "ovh", // ovh OVH SAS
1032        "page", // page Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1033        "panasonic", // panasonic Panasonic Corporation
1034        "paris", // paris City of Paris
1035        "pars", // pars Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
1036        "partners", // partners Magic Glen, LLC
1037        "parts", // parts Sea Goodbye, LLC
1038        "party", // party Blue Sky Registry Limited
1039        "passagens", // passagens Travel Reservations SRL
1040        "pay", // pay Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1041        "pccw", // pccw PCCW Enterprises Limited
1042        "pet", // pet Afilias plc
1043        "pfizer", // pfizer Pfizer Inc.
1044        "pharmacy", // pharmacy National Association of Boards of Pharmacy
1045        "phd", // phd Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1046        "philips", // philips Koninklijke Philips N.V.
1047        "phone", // phone Dish DBS Corporation
1048        "photo", // photo Uniregistry, Corp.
1049        "photography", // photography Sugar Glen, LLC
1050        "photos", // photos Sea Corner, LLC
1051        "physio", // physio PhysBiz Pty Ltd
1052        "pics", // pics Uniregistry, Corp.
1053        "pictet", // pictet Pictet Europe S.A.
1054        "pictures", // pictures Foggy Sky, LLC
1055        "pid", // pid Top Level Spectrum, Inc.
1056        "pin", // pin Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1057        "ping", // ping Ping Registry Provider, Inc.
1058        "pink", // pink Afilias Limited
1059        "pioneer", // pioneer Pioneer Corporation
1060        "pizza", // pizza Foggy Moon, LLC
1061        "place", // place Snow Galley, LLC
1062        "play", // play Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1063        "playstation", // playstation Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.
1064        "plumbing", // plumbing Spring Tigers, LLC
1065        "plus", // plus Sugar Mill, LLC
1066        "pnc", // pnc PNC Domain Co., LLC
1067        "pohl", // pohl Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
1068        "poker", // poker Afilias Domains No. 5 Limited
1069        "politie", // politie Politie Nederland
1070        "porn", // porn ICM Registry PN LLC
1071        "post", // post Universal Postal Union
1072        "pramerica", // pramerica Prudential Financial, Inc.
1073        "praxi", // praxi Praxi S.p.A.
1074        "press", // press DotPress Inc.
1075        "prime", // prime Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
1076        "pro", // pro Registry Services Corporation dba RegistryPro
1077        "prod", // prod Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1078        "productions", // productions Magic Birch, LLC
1079        "prof", // prof Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1080        "progressive", // progressive Progressive Casualty Insurance Company
1081        "promo", // promo Afilias plc
1082        "properties", // properties Big Pass, LLC
1083        "property", // property Uniregistry, Corp.
1084        "protection", // protection XYZ.COM LLC
1085        "pru", // pru Prudential Financial, Inc.
1086        "prudential", // prudential Prudential Financial, Inc.
1087        "pub", // pub United TLD Holdco Ltd.
1088        "pwc", // pwc PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
1089        "qpon", // qpon dotCOOL, Inc.
1090        "quebec", // quebec PointQuébec Inc
1091        "quest", // quest Quest ION Limited
1092        "racing", // racing Premier Registry Limited
1093        "radio", // radio European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
1094        "raid", // raid Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
1095        "read", // read Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1096        "realestate", // realestate dotRealEstate LLC
1097        "realtor", // realtor Real Estate Domains LLC
1098        "realty", // realty Fegistry, LLC
1099        "recipes", // recipes Grand Island, LLC
1100        "red", // red Afilias Limited
1101        "redstone", // redstone Redstone Haute Couture Co., Ltd.
1102        "redumbrella", // redumbrella Travelers TLD, LLC
1103        "rehab", // rehab United TLD Holdco Ltd.
1104        "reise", // reise Foggy Way, LLC
1105        "reisen", // reisen New Cypress, LLC
1106        "reit", // reit National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Inc.
1107        "reliance", // reliance Reliance Industries Limited
1108        "ren", // ren Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co., Ltd.
1109        "rent", // rent XYZ.COM LLC
1110        "rentals", // rentals Big Hollow,LLC
1111        "repair", // repair Lone Sunset, LLC
1112        "report", // report Binky Glen, LLC
1113        "republican", // republican United TLD Holdco Ltd.
1114        "rest", // rest Punto 2012 Sociedad Anonima Promotora de Inversion de Capital Variable
1115        "restaurant", // restaurant Snow Avenue, LLC
1116        "review", // review dot Review Limited
1117        "reviews", // reviews United TLD Holdco, Ltd.
1118        "rexroth", // rexroth Robert Bosch GMBH
1119        "rich", // rich I-REGISTRY Ltd., Niederlassung Deutschland
1120        "richardli", // richardli Pacific Century Asset Management (HK) Limited
1121        "ricoh", // ricoh Ricoh Company, Ltd.
1122        "ril", // ril Reliance Industries Limited
1123        "rio", // rio Empresa Municipal de Informática SA - IPLANRIO
1124        "rip", // rip United TLD Holdco Ltd.
1125        "rocher", // rocher Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
1126        "rocks", // rocks United TLD Holdco, LTD.
1127        "rodeo", // rodeo Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
1128        "rogers", // rogers Rogers Communications Canada Inc.
1129        "room", // room Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1130        "rsvp", // rsvp Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1131        "rugby", // rugby World Rugby Strategic Developments Limited
1132        "ruhr", // ruhr regiodot GmbH &amp; Co. KG
1133        "run", // run Snow Park, LLC
1134        "rwe", // rwe RWE AG
1135        "ryukyu", // ryukyu BusinessRalliart inc.
1136        "saarland", // saarland dotSaarland GmbH
1137        "safe", // safe Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1138        "safety", // safety Safety Registry Services, LLC.
1139        "sakura", // sakura SAKURA Internet Inc.
1140        "sale", // sale United TLD Holdco, Ltd
1141        "salon", // salon Outer Orchard, LLC
1142        "samsclub", // samsclub Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
1143        "samsung", // samsung SAMSUNG SDS CO., LTD
1144        "sandvik", // sandvik Sandvik AB
1145        "sandvikcoromant", // sandvikcoromant Sandvik AB
1146        "sanofi", // sanofi Sanofi
1147        "sap", // sap SAP AG
1148        "sarl", // sarl Delta Orchard, LLC
1149        "sas", // sas Research IP LLC
1150        "save", // save Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
1151        "saxo", // saxo Saxo Bank A/S
1152        "sbi", // sbi STATE BANK OF INDIA
1153        "sbs", // sbs SPECIAL BROADCASTING SERVICE CORPORATION
1154        "sca", // sca SVENSKA CELLULOSA AKTIEBOLAGET SCA (publ)
1155        "scb", // scb The Siam Commercial Bank Public Company Limited (&quot;SCB&quot;)
1156        "schaeffler", // schaeffler Schaeffler Technologies AG &amp; Co. KG
1157        "schmidt", // schmidt SALM S.A.S.
1158        "scholarships", // scholarships Scholarships.com, LLC
1159        "school", // school Little Galley, LLC
1160        "schule", // schule Outer Moon, LLC
1161        "schwarz", // schwarz Schwarz Domains und Services GmbH &amp; Co. KG
1162        "science", // science dot Science Limited
1163        "scjohnson", // scjohnson Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
1164        "scot", // scot Dot Scot Registry Limited
1165        "search", // search Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1166        "seat", // seat SEAT, S.A. (Sociedad Unipersonal)
1167        "secure", // secure Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1168        "security", // security XYZ.COM LLC
1169        "seek", // seek Seek Limited
1170        "select", // select iSelect Ltd
1171        "sener", // sener Sener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A.
1172        "services", // services Fox Castle, LLC
1173        "ses", // ses SES
1174        "seven", // seven Seven West Media Ltd
1175        "sew", // sew SEW-EURODRIVE GmbH &amp; Co KG
1176        "sex", // sex ICM Registry SX LLC
1177        "sexy", // sexy Uniregistry, Corp.
1178        "sfr", // sfr Societe Francaise du Radiotelephone - SFR
1179        "shangrila", // shangrila Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited
1180        "sharp", // sharp Sharp Corporation
1181        "shaw", // shaw Shaw Cablesystems G.P.
1182        "shell", // shell Shell Information Technology International Inc
1183        "shia", // shia Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
1184        "shiksha", // shiksha Afilias Limited
1185        "shoes", // shoes Binky Galley, LLC
1186        "shop", // shop GMO Registry, Inc.
1187        "shopping", // shopping Over Keep, LLC
1188        "shouji", // shouji QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
1189        "show", // show Snow Beach, LLC
1190        "showtime", // showtime CBS Domains Inc.
1191        "silk", // silk Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
1192        "sina", // sina Sina Corporation
1193        "singles", // singles Fern Madison, LLC
1194        "site", // site DotSite Inc.
1195        "ski", // ski STARTING DOT LIMITED
1196        "skin", // skin L&#39;Oréal
1197        "sky", // sky Sky International AG
1198        "skype", // skype Microsoft Corporation
1199        "sling", // sling Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation
1200        "smart", // smart Smart Communications, Inc. (SMART)
1201        "smile", // smile Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1202        "sncf", // sncf SNCF (Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Francais)
1203        "soccer", // soccer Foggy Shadow, LLC
1204        "social", // social United TLD Holdco Ltd.
1205        "softbank", // softbank SoftBank Group Corp.
1206        "software", // software United TLD Holdco, Ltd
1207        "sohu", // sohu Sohu.com Limited
1208        "solar", // solar Ruby Town, LLC
1209        "solutions", // solutions Silver Cover, LLC
1210        "song", // song Amazon EU S.à r.l.
1211        "sony", // sony Sony Corporation
1212        "soy", // soy Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1213        "spa", // spa Asia Spa and Wellness Promotion Council Limited
1214        "space", // space DotSpace Inc.
1215        "sport", // sport Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF)
1216        "spot", // spot Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1217        "srl", // srl InterNetX Corp.
1218        "ss", // ss National Communication Authority (NCA)
1219        "stada", // stada STADA Arzneimittel AG
1220        "staples", // staples Staples, Inc.
1221        "star", // star Star India Private Limited
1222        "statebank", // statebank STATE BANK OF INDIA
1223        "statefarm", // statefarm State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company
1224        "stc", // stc Saudi Telecom Company
1225        "stcgroup", // stcgroup Saudi Telecom Company
1226        "stockholm", // stockholm Stockholms kommun
1227        "storage", // storage Self Storage Company LLC
1228        "store", // store DotStore Inc.
1229        "stream", // stream dot Stream Limited
1230        "studio", // studio United TLD Holdco Ltd.
1231        "study", // study OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD
1232        "style", // style Binky Moon, LLC
1233        "sucks", // sucks Vox Populi Registry Ltd.
1234        "supplies", // supplies Atomic Fields, LLC
1235        "supply", // supply Half Falls, LLC
1236        "support", // support Grand Orchard, LLC
1237        "surf", // surf Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
1238        "surgery", // surgery Tin Avenue, LLC
1239        "suzuki", // suzuki SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION
1240        "swatch", // swatch The Swatch Group Ltd
1241        "swiss", // swiss Swiss Confederation
1242        "sydney", // sydney State of New South Wales, Department of Premier and Cabinet
1243        "systems", // systems Dash Cypress, LLC
1244        "tab", // tab Tabcorp Holdings Limited
1245        "taipei", // taipei Taipei City Government
1246        "talk", // talk Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1247        "taobao", // taobao Alibaba Group Holding Limited
1248        "target", // target Target Domain Holdings, LLC
1249        "tatamotors", // tatamotors Tata Motors Ltd
1250        "tatar", // tatar Limited Liability Company "Coordination Center of Regional Domain of Tatarstan Republic"
1251        "tattoo", // tattoo Uniregistry, Corp.
1252        "tax", // tax Storm Orchard, LLC
1253        "taxi", // taxi Pine Falls, LLC
1254        "tci", // tci Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
1255        "tdk", // tdk TDK Corporation
1256        "team", // team Atomic Lake, LLC
1257        "tech", // tech Dot Tech LLC
1258        "technology", // technology Auburn Falls, LLC
1259        "tel", // tel Telnic Ltd.
1260        "temasek", // temasek Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited
1261        "tennis", // tennis Cotton Bloom, LLC
1262        "teva", // teva Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited
1263        "thd", // thd Homer TLC, Inc.
1264        "theater", // theater Blue Tigers, LLC
1265        "theatre", // theatre XYZ.COM LLC
1266        "tiaa", // tiaa Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America
1267        "tickets", // tickets Accent Media Limited
1268        "tienda", // tienda Victor Manor, LLC
1269        "tiffany", // tiffany Tiffany and Company
1270        "tips", // tips Corn Willow, LLC
1271        "tires", // tires Dog Edge, LLC
1272        "tirol", // tirol punkt Tirol GmbH
1273        "tjmaxx", // tjmaxx The TJX Companies, Inc.
1274        "tjx", // tjx The TJX Companies, Inc.
1275        "tkmaxx", // tkmaxx The TJX Companies, Inc.
1276        "tmall", // tmall Alibaba Group Holding Limited
1277        "today", // today Pearl Woods, LLC
1278        "tokyo", // tokyo GMO Registry, Inc.
1279        "tools", // tools Pioneer North, LLC
1280        "top", // top Jiangsu Bangning Science &amp; Technology Co.,Ltd.
1281        "toray", // toray Toray Industries, Inc.
1282        "toshiba", // toshiba TOSHIBA Corporation
1283        "total", // total Total SA
1284        "tours", // tours Sugar Station, LLC
1285        "town", // town Koko Moon, LLC
1286        "toyota", // toyota TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
1287        "toys", // toys Pioneer Orchard, LLC
1288        "trade", // trade Elite Registry Limited
1289        "trading", // trading DOTTRADING REGISTRY LTD
1290        "training", // training Wild Willow, LLC
1291        "travel", // travel Tralliance Registry Management Company, LLC.
1292        "travelchannel", // travelchannel Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
1293        "travelers", // travelers Travelers TLD, LLC
1294        "travelersinsurance", // travelersinsurance Travelers TLD, LLC
1295        "trust", // trust Artemis Internet Inc
1296        "trv", // trv Travelers TLD, LLC
1297        "tube", // tube Latin American Telecom LLC
1298        "tui", // tui TUI AG
1299        "tunes", // tunes Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1300        "tushu", // tushu Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1301        "tvs", // tvs T V SUNDRAM IYENGAR  &amp; SONS PRIVATE LIMITED
1302        "ubank", // ubank National Australia Bank Limited
1303        "ubs", // ubs UBS AG
1304        "unicom", // unicom China United Network Communications Corporation Limited
1305        "university", // university Little Station, LLC
1306        "uno", // uno Dot Latin LLC
1307        "uol", // uol UBN INTERNET LTDA.
1308        "ups", // ups UPS Market Driver, Inc.
1309        "vacations", // vacations Atomic Tigers, LLC
1310        "vana", // vana Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
1311        "vanguard", // vanguard The Vanguard Group, Inc.
1312        "vegas", // vegas Dot Vegas, Inc.
1313        "ventures", // ventures Binky Lake, LLC
1314        "verisign", // verisign VeriSign, Inc.
1315        "versicherung", // versicherung dotversicherung-registry GmbH
1316        "vet", // vet United TLD Holdco, Ltd
1317        "viajes", // viajes Black Madison, LLC
1318        "video", // video United TLD Holdco, Ltd
1319        "vig", // vig VIENNA INSURANCE GROUP AG Wiener Versicherung Gruppe
1320        "viking", // viking Viking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd.
1321        "villas", // villas New Sky, LLC
1322        "vin", // vin Holly Shadow, LLC
1323        "vip", // vip Minds + Machines Group Limited
1324        "virgin", // virgin Virgin Enterprises Limited
1325        "visa", // visa Visa Worldwide Pte. Limited
1326        "vision", // vision Koko Station, LLC
1327        "viva", // viva Saudi Telecom Company
1328        "vivo", // vivo Telefonica Brasil S.A.
1329        "vlaanderen", // vlaanderen DNS.be vzw
1330        "vodka", // vodka Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
1331        "volkswagen", // volkswagen Volkswagen Group of America Inc.
1332        "volvo", // volvo Volvo Holding Sverige Aktiebolag
1333        "vote", // vote Monolith Registry LLC
1334        "voting", // voting Valuetainment Corp.
1335        "voto", // voto Monolith Registry LLC
1336        "voyage", // voyage Ruby House, LLC
1337        "vuelos", // vuelos Travel Reservations SRL
1338        "wales", // wales Nominet UK
1339        "walmart", // walmart Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
1340        "walter", // walter Sandvik AB
1341        "wang", // wang Zodiac Registry Limited
1342        "wanggou", // wanggou Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1343        "watch", // watch Sand Shadow, LLC
1344        "watches", // watches Richemont DNS Inc.
1345        "weather", // weather The Weather Channel, LLC
1346        "weatherchannel", // weatherchannel The Weather Channel, LLC
1347        "webcam", // webcam dot Webcam Limited
1348        "weber", // weber Saint-Gobain Weber SA
1349        "website", // website DotWebsite Inc.
1350        "wed", // wed Atgron, Inc.
1351        "wedding", // wedding Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
1352        "weibo", // weibo Sina Corporation
1353        "weir", // weir Weir Group IP Limited
1354        "whoswho", // whoswho Who&#39;s Who Registry
1355        "wien", // wien punkt.wien GmbH
1356        "wiki", // wiki Top Level Design, LLC
1357        "williamhill", // williamhill William Hill Organization Limited
1358        "win", // win First Registry Limited
1359        "windows", // windows Microsoft Corporation
1360        "wine", // wine June Station, LLC
1361        "winners", // winners The TJX Companies, Inc.
1362        "wme", // wme William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC
1363        "wolterskluwer", // wolterskluwer Wolters Kluwer N.V.
1364        "woodside", // woodside Woodside Petroleum Limited
1365        "work", // work Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
1366        "works", // works Little Dynamite, LLC
1367        "world", // world Bitter Fields, LLC
1368        "wow", // wow Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1369        "wtc", // wtc World Trade Centers Association, Inc.
1370        "wtf", // wtf Hidden Way, LLC
1371        "xbox", // xbox Microsoft Corporation
1372        "xerox", // xerox Xerox DNHC LLC
1373        "xfinity", // xfinity Comcast IP Holdings I, LLC
1374        "xihuan", // xihuan QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
1375        "xin", // xin Elegant Leader Limited
1376        "xn--11b4c3d", // कॉम VeriSign Sarl
1377        "xn--1ck2e1b", // セール Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1378        "xn--1qqw23a", // 佛山 Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd.
1379        "xn--2scrj9c", // ಭಾರತ National Internet eXchange of India
1380        "xn--30rr7y", // 慈善 Excellent First Limited
1381        "xn--3bst00m", // 集团 Eagle Horizon Limited
1382        "xn--3ds443g", // 在线 TLD REGISTRY LIMITED
1383        "xn--3hcrj9c", // ଭାରତ National Internet eXchange of India
1384        "xn--3pxu8k", // 点看 VeriSign Sarl
1385        "xn--42c2d9a", // คอม VeriSign Sarl
1386        "xn--45br5cyl", // ভাৰত National Internet eXchange of India
1387        "xn--45q11c", // 八卦 Zodiac Scorpio Limited
1388        "xn--4dbrk0ce", // ישראל The Israel Internet Association (RA)
1389        "xn--4gbrim", // موقع Suhub Electronic Establishment
1390        "xn--54b7fta0cc", // বাংলা Posts and Telecommunications Division
1391        "xn--55qw42g", // 公益 China Organizational Name Administration Center
1392        "xn--55qx5d", // 公司 Computer Network Information Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences (China Internet Network Information Center)
1393        "xn--5su34j936bgsg", // 香格里拉 Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited
1394        "xn--5tzm5g", // 网站 Global Website TLD Asia Limited
1395        "xn--6frz82g", // 移动 Afilias Limited
1396        "xn--6qq986b3xl", // 我爱你 Tycoon Treasure Limited
1397        "xn--80adxhks", // москва Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development (FAITID)
1398        "xn--80aqecdr1a", // католик Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)
1399        "xn--80asehdb", // онлайн CORE Association
1400        "xn--80aswg", // сайт CORE Association
1401        "xn--8y0a063a", // 联通 China United Network Communications Corporation Limited
1402        "xn--90ae", // бг Imena.BG Plc (NAMES.BG Plc)
1403        "xn--9dbq2a", // קום VeriSign Sarl
1404        "xn--9et52u", // 时尚 RISE VICTORY LIMITED
1405        "xn--9krt00a", // 微博 Sina Corporation
1406        "xn--b4w605ferd", // 淡马锡 Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited
1407        "xn--bck1b9a5dre4c", // ファッション Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1408        "xn--c1avg", // орг Public Interest Registry
1409        "xn--c2br7g", // नेट VeriSign Sarl
1410        "xn--cck2b3b", // ストア Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1411        "xn--cckwcxetd", // アマゾン Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1412        "xn--cg4bki", // 삼성 SAMSUNG SDS CO., LTD
1413        "xn--czr694b", // 商标 HU YI GLOBAL INFORMATION RESOURCES(HOLDING) COMPANY.HONGKONG LIMITED
1414        "xn--czrs0t", // 商店 Wild Island, LLC
1415        "xn--czru2d", // 商城 Zodiac Aquarius Limited
1416        "xn--d1acj3b", // дети The Foundation for Network Initiatives “The Smart Internet”
1417        "xn--eckvdtc9d", // ポイント Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1418        "xn--efvy88h", // 新闻 Xinhua News Agency Guangdong Branch 新华通讯社广东分社
1419        "xn--fct429k", // 家電 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1420        "xn--fhbei", // كوم VeriSign Sarl
1421        "xn--fiq228c5hs", // 中文网 TLD REGISTRY LIMITED
1422        "xn--fiq64b", // 中信 CITIC Group Corporation
1423        "xn--fjq720a", // 娱乐 Will Bloom, LLC
1424        "xn--flw351e", // 谷歌 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1425        "xn--fzys8d69uvgm", // 電訊盈科 PCCW Enterprises Limited
1426        "xn--g2xx48c", // 购物 Minds + Machines Group Limited
1427        "xn--gckr3f0f", // クラウド Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1428        "xn--gk3at1e", // 通販 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1429        "xn--h2breg3eve", // भारतम् National Internet eXchange of India
1430        "xn--h2brj9c8c", // भारोत National Internet eXchange of India
1431        "xn--hxt814e", // 网店 Zodiac Libra Limited
1432        "xn--i1b6b1a6a2e", // संगठन Public Interest Registry
1433        "xn--imr513n", // 餐厅 HU YI GLOBAL INFORMATION RESOURCES (HOLDING) COMPANY. HONGKONG LIMITED
1434        "xn--io0a7i", // 网络 Computer Network Information Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences (China Internet Network Information Center)
1435        "xn--j1aef", // ком VeriSign Sarl
1436        "xn--jlq480n2rg", // 亚马逊 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1437        "xn--jlq61u9w7b", // 诺基亚 Nokia Corporation
1438        "xn--jvr189m", // 食品 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1439        "xn--kcrx77d1x4a", // 飞利浦 Koninklijke Philips N.V.
1440        "xn--kput3i", // 手机 Beijing RITT-Net Technology Development Co., Ltd
1441        "xn--mgba3a3ejt", // ارامكو Aramco Services Company
1442        "xn--mgba7c0bbn0a", // العليان Crescent Holding GmbH
1443        "xn--mgbaakc7dvf", // اتصالات Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat)
1444        "xn--mgbab2bd", // بازار CORE Association
1445        "xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd", // موريتانيا Université de Nouakchott Al Aasriya
1446        "xn--mgbai9azgqp6j", // پاکستان National Telecommunication Corporation
1447        "xn--mgbbh1a", // بارت National Internet eXchange of India
1448        "xn--mgbca7dzdo", // ابوظبي Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Centre
1449        "xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a", // البحرين Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA)
1450        "xn--mgbgu82a", // ڀارت National Internet eXchange of India
1451        "xn--mgbi4ecexp", // كاثوليك Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)
1452        "xn--mgbt3dhd", // همراه Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
1453        "xn--mk1bu44c", // 닷컴 VeriSign Sarl
1454        "xn--mxtq1m", // 政府 Net-Chinese Co., Ltd.
1455        "xn--ngbc5azd", // شبكة International Domain Registry Pty. Ltd.
1456        "xn--ngbe9e0a", // بيتك Kuwait Finance House
1457        "xn--ngbrx", // عرب League of Arab States
1458        "xn--nqv7f", // 机构 Public Interest Registry
1459        "xn--nqv7fs00ema", // 组织机构 Public Interest Registry
1460        "xn--nyqy26a", // 健康 Stable Tone Limited
1461        "xn--otu796d", // 招聘 Dot Trademark TLD Holding Company Limited
1462        "xn--p1acf", // рус Rusnames Limited
1463        "xn--pssy2u", // 大拿 VeriSign Sarl
1464        "xn--q7ce6a", // ລາວ Lao National Internet Center (LANIC)
1465        "xn--q9jyb4c", // みんな Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1466        "xn--qcka1pmc", // グーグル Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1467        "xn--qxa6a", // ευ EURid vzw/asbl
1468        "xn--rhqv96g", // 世界 Stable Tone Limited
1469        "xn--rovu88b", // 書籍 Amazon EU S.à r.l.
1470        "xn--rvc1e0am3e", // ഭാരതം National Internet eXchange of India
1471        "xn--ses554g", // 网址 KNET Co., Ltd
1472        "xn--t60b56a", // 닷넷 VeriSign Sarl
1473        "xn--tckwe", // コム VeriSign Sarl
1474        "xn--tiq49xqyj", // 天主教 Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)
1475        "xn--unup4y", // 游戏 Spring Fields, LLC
1476        "xn--vermgensberater-ctb", // VERMöGENSBERATER Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
1477        "xn--vermgensberatung-pwb", // VERMöGENSBERATUNG Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
1478        "xn--vhquv", // 企业 Dash McCook, LLC
1479        "xn--vuq861b", // 信息 Beijing Tele-info Network Technology Co., Ltd.
1480        "xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra", // 嘉里大酒店 Kerry Trading Co. Limited
1481        "xn--w4rs40l", // 嘉里 Kerry Trading Co. Limited
1482        "xn--xhq521b", // 广东 Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd.
1483        "xn--zfr164b", // 政务 China Organizational Name Administration Center
1484        "xxx", // xxx ICM Registry LLC
1485        "xyz", // xyz XYZ.COM LLC
1486        "yachts", // yachts DERYachts, LLC
1487        "yahoo", // yahoo Yahoo! Domain Services Inc.
1488        "yamaxun", // yamaxun Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1489        "yandex", // yandex YANDEX, LLC
1490        "yodobashi", // yodobashi YODOBASHI CAMERA CO.,LTD.
1491        "yoga", // yoga Top Level Domain Holdings Limited
1492        "yokohama", // yokohama GMO Registry, Inc.
1493        "you", // you Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1494        "youtube", // youtube Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1495        "yun", // yun QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
1496        "zappos", // zappos Amazon Registry Service, Inc.
1497        "zara", // zara Industria de Diseño Textil, S.A. (INDITEX, S.A.)
1498        "zero", // zero Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
1499        "zip", // zip Charleston Road Registry Inc.
1500        "zone", // zone Outer Falls, LLC
1501        "zuerich", // zuerich Kanton Zürich (Canton of Zurich)
1502    };
1503
1504    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
1505    private static final String[] COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS = {
1506        "ac",                 // Ascension Island
1507        "ad",                 // Andorra
1508        "ae",                 // United Arab Emirates
1509        "af",                 // Afghanistan
1510        "ag",                 // Antigua and Barbuda
1511        "ai",                 // Anguilla
1512        "al",                 // Albania
1513        "am",                 // Armenia
1514        //"an",               // Netherlands Antilles (retired)
1515        "ao",                 // Angola
1516        "aq",                 // Antarctica
1517        "ar",                 // Argentina
1518        "as",                 // American Samoa
1519        "at",                 // Austria
1520        "au",                 // Australia (includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands)
1521        "aw",                 // Aruba
1522        "ax",                 // Åland
1523        "az",                 // Azerbaijan
1524        "ba",                 // Bosnia and Herzegovina
1525        "bb",                 // Barbados
1526        "bd",                 // Bangladesh
1527        "be",                 // Belgium
1528        "bf",                 // Burkina Faso
1529        "bg",                 // Bulgaria
1530        "bh",                 // Bahrain
1531        "bi",                 // Burundi
1532        "bj",                 // Benin
1533        "bm",                 // Bermuda
1534        "bn",                 // Brunei Darussalam
1535        "bo",                 // Bolivia
1536        "br",                 // Brazil
1537        "bs",                 // Bahamas
1538        "bt",                 // Bhutan
1539        "bv",                 // Bouvet Island
1540        "bw",                 // Botswana
1541        "by",                 // Belarus
1542        "bz",                 // Belize
1543        "ca",                 // Canada
1544        "cc",                 // Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1545        "cd",                 // Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire)
1546        "cf",                 // Central African Republic
1547        "cg",                 // Republic of the Congo
1548        "ch",                 // Switzerland
1549        "ci",                 // Côte d'Ivoire
1550        "ck",                 // Cook Islands
1551        "cl",                 // Chile
1552        "cm",                 // Cameroon
1553        "cn",                 // China, mainland
1554        "co",                 // Colombia
1555        "cr",                 // Costa Rica
1556        "cu",                 // Cuba
1557        "cv",                 // Cape Verde
1558        "cw",                 // Curaçao
1559        "cx",                 // Christmas Island
1560        "cy",                 // Cyprus
1561        "cz",                 // Czech Republic
1562        "de",                 // Germany
1563        "dj",                 // Djibouti
1564        "dk",                 // Denmark
1565        "dm",                 // Dominica
1566        "do",                 // Dominican Republic
1567        "dz",                 // Algeria
1568        "ec",                 // Ecuador
1569        "ee",                 // Estonia
1570        "eg",                 // Egypt
1571        "er",                 // Eritrea
1572        "es",                 // Spain
1573        "et",                 // Ethiopia
1574        "eu",                 // European Union
1575        "fi",                 // Finland
1576        "fj",                 // Fiji
1577        "fk",                 // Falkland Islands
1578        "fm",                 // Federated States of Micronesia
1579        "fo",                 // Faroe Islands
1580        "fr",                 // France
1581        "ga",                 // Gabon
1582        "gb",                 // Great Britain (United Kingdom)
1583        "gd",                 // Grenada
1584        "ge",                 // Georgia
1585        "gf",                 // French Guiana
1586        "gg",                 // Guernsey
1587        "gh",                 // Ghana
1588        "gi",                 // Gibraltar
1589        "gl",                 // Greenland
1590        "gm",                 // The Gambia
1591        "gn",                 // Guinea
1592        "gp",                 // Guadeloupe
1593        "gq",                 // Equatorial Guinea
1594        "gr",                 // Greece
1595        "gs",                 // South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1596        "gt",                 // Guatemala
1597        "gu",                 // Guam
1598        "gw",                 // Guinea-Bissau
1599        "gy",                 // Guyana
1600        "hk",                 // Hong Kong
1601        "hm",                 // Heard Island and McDonald Islands
1602        "hn",                 // Honduras
1603        "hr",                 // Croatia (Hrvatska)
1604        "ht",                 // Haiti
1605        "hu",                 // Hungary
1606        "id",                 // Indonesia
1607        "ie",                 // Ireland (Éire)
1608        "il",                 // Israel
1609        "im",                 // Isle of Man
1610        "in",                 // India
1611        "io",                 // British Indian Ocean Territory
1612        "iq",                 // Iraq
1613        "ir",                 // Iran
1614        "is",                 // Iceland
1615        "it",                 // Italy
1616        "je",                 // Jersey
1617        "jm",                 // Jamaica
1618        "jo",                 // Jordan
1619        "jp",                 // Japan
1620        "ke",                 // Kenya
1621        "kg",                 // Kyrgyzstan
1622        "kh",                 // Cambodia (Khmer)
1623        "ki",                 // Kiribati
1624        "km",                 // Comoros
1625        "kn",                 // Saint Kitts and Nevis
1626        "kp",                 // North Korea
1627        "kr",                 // South Korea
1628        "kw",                 // Kuwait
1629        "ky",                 // Cayman Islands
1630        "kz",                 // Kazakhstan
1631        "la",                 // Laos (currently being marketed as the official domain for Los Angeles)
1632        "lb",                 // Lebanon
1633        "lc",                 // Saint Lucia
1634        "li",                 // Liechtenstein
1635        "lk",                 // Sri Lanka
1636        "lr",                 // Liberia
1637        "ls",                 // Lesotho
1638        "lt",                 // Lithuania
1639        "lu",                 // Luxembourg
1640        "lv",                 // Latvia
1641        "ly",                 // Libya
1642        "ma",                 // Morocco
1643        "mc",                 // Monaco
1644        "md",                 // Moldova
1645        "me",                 // Montenegro
1646        "mg",                 // Madagascar
1647        "mh",                 // Marshall Islands
1648        "mk",                 // Republic of Macedonia
1649        "ml",                 // Mali
1650        "mm",                 // Myanmar
1651        "mn",                 // Mongolia
1652        "mo",                 // Macau
1653        "mp",                 // Northern Mariana Islands
1654        "mq",                 // Martinique
1655        "mr",                 // Mauritania
1656        "ms",                 // Montserrat
1657        "mt",                 // Malta
1658        "mu",                 // Mauritius
1659        "mv",                 // Maldives
1660        "mw",                 // Malawi
1661        "mx",                 // Mexico
1662        "my",                 // Malaysia
1663        "mz",                 // Mozambique
1664        "na",                 // Namibia
1665        "nc",                 // New Caledonia
1666        "ne",                 // Niger
1667        "nf",                 // Norfolk Island
1668        "ng",                 // Nigeria
1669        "ni",                 // Nicaragua
1670        "nl",                 // Netherlands
1671        "no",                 // Norway
1672        "np",                 // Nepal
1673        "nr",                 // Nauru
1674        "nu",                 // Niue
1675        "nz",                 // New Zealand
1676        "om",                 // Oman
1677        "pa",                 // Panama
1678        "pe",                 // Peru
1679        "pf",                 // French Polynesia With Clipperton Island
1680        "pg",                 // Papua New Guinea
1681        "ph",                 // Philippines
1682        "pk",                 // Pakistan
1683        "pl",                 // Poland
1684        "pm",                 // Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
1685        "pn",                 // Pitcairn Islands
1686        "pr",                 // Puerto Rico
1687        "ps",                 // Palestinian territories (PA-controlled West Bank and Gaza Strip)
1688        "pt",                 // Portugal
1689        "pw",                 // Palau
1690        "py",                 // Paraguay
1691        "qa",                 // Qatar
1692        "re",                 // Réunion
1693        "ro",                 // Romania
1694        "rs",                 // Serbia
1695        "ru",                 // Russia
1696        "rw",                 // Rwanda
1697        "sa",                 // Saudi Arabia
1698        "sb",                 // Solomon Islands
1699        "sc",                 // Seychelles
1700        "sd",                 // Sudan
1701        "se",                 // Sweden
1702        "sg",                 // Singapore
1703        "sh",                 // Saint Helena
1704        "si",                 // Slovenia
1705        "sj",                 // Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands Not in use (Norwegian dependencies; see .no)
1706        "sk",                 // Slovakia
1707        "sl",                 // Sierra Leone
1708        "sm",                 // San Marino
1709        "sn",                 // Senegal
1710        "so",                 // Somalia
1711        "sr",                 // Suriname
1712        "st",                 // São Tomé and Príncipe
1713        "su",                 // Soviet Union (deprecated)
1714        "sv",                 // El Salvador
1715        "sx",                 // Sint Maarten
1716        "sy",                 // Syria
1717        "sz",                 // Swaziland
1718        "tc",                 // Turks and Caicos Islands
1719        "td",                 // Chad
1720        "tf",                 // French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1721        "tg",                 // Togo
1722        "th",                 // Thailand
1723        "tj",                 // Tajikistan
1724        "tk",                 // Tokelau
1725        "tl",                 // East Timor (deprecated old code)
1726        "tm",                 // Turkmenistan
1727        "tn",                 // Tunisia
1728        "to",                 // Tonga
1729        //"tp",               // East Timor (Retired)
1730        "tr",                 // Turkey
1731        "tt",                 // Trinidad and Tobago
1732        "tv",                 // Tuvalu
1733        "tw",                 // Taiwan, Republic of China
1734        "tz",                 // Tanzania
1735        "ua",                 // Ukraine
1736        "ug",                 // Uganda
1737        "uk",                 // United Kingdom
1738        "us",                 // United States of America
1739        "uy",                 // Uruguay
1740        "uz",                 // Uzbekistan
1741        "va",                 // Vatican City State
1742        "vc",                 // Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1743        "ve",                 // Venezuela
1744        "vg",                 // British Virgin Islands
1745        "vi",                 // U.S. Virgin Islands
1746        "vn",                 // Vietnam
1747        "vu",                 // Vanuatu
1748        "wf",                 // Wallis and Futuna
1749        "ws",                 // Samoa (formerly Western Samoa)
1750        "xn--3e0b707e", // 한국 KISA (Korea Internet &amp; Security Agency)
1751        "xn--45brj9c", // ভারত National Internet Exchange of India
1752        "xn--80ao21a", // қаз Association of IT Companies of Kazakhstan
1753        "xn--90a3ac", // срб Serbian National Internet Domain Registry (RNIDS)
1754        "xn--90ais", // ??? Reliable Software Inc.
1755        "xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd", // சிங்கப்பூர் Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC) Pte Ltd
1756        "xn--d1alf", // мкд Macedonian Academic Research Network Skopje
1757        "xn--e1a4c", // ею EURid vzw/asbl
1758        "xn--fiqs8s", // 中国 China Internet Network Information Center
1759        "xn--fiqz9s", // 中國 China Internet Network Information Center
1760        "xn--fpcrj9c3d", // భారత్ National Internet Exchange of India
1761        "xn--fzc2c9e2c", // ලංකා LK Domain Registry
1762        "xn--gecrj9c", // ભારત National Internet Exchange of India
1763        "xn--h2brj9c", // भारत National Internet Exchange of India
1764        "xn--j1amh", // укр Ukrainian Network Information Centre (UANIC), Inc.
1765        "xn--j6w193g", // 香港 Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd.
1766        "xn--kprw13d", // 台湾 Taiwan Network Information Center (TWNIC)
1767        "xn--kpry57d", // 台灣 Taiwan Network Information Center (TWNIC)
1768        "xn--l1acc", // мон Datacom Co.,Ltd
1769        "xn--lgbbat1ad8j", // الجزائر CERIST
1770        "xn--mgb9awbf", // عمان Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA)
1771        "xn--mgba3a4f16a", // ایران Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM)
1772        "xn--mgbaam7a8h", // امارات Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA)
1773        "xn--mgbayh7gpa", // الاردن National Information Technology Center (NITC)
1774        "xn--mgbbh1a71e", // بھارت National Internet Exchange of India
1775        "xn--mgbc0a9azcg", // المغرب Agence Nationale de Réglementation des Télécommunications (ANRT)
1776        "xn--mgberp4a5d4ar", // السعودية Communications and Information Technology Commission
1777        "xn--mgbpl2fh", // ????? Sudan Internet Society
1778        "xn--mgbtx2b", // عراق Communications and Media Commission (CMC)
1779        "xn--mgbx4cd0ab", // مليسيا MYNIC Berhad
1780        "xn--mix891f", // 澳門 Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation (DSRT)
1781        "xn--node", // გე Information Technologies Development Center (ITDC)
1782        "xn--o3cw4h", // ไทย Thai Network Information Center Foundation
1783        "xn--ogbpf8fl", // سورية National Agency for Network Services (NANS)
1784        "xn--p1ai", // рф Coordination Center for TLD RU
1785        "xn--pgbs0dh", // تونس Agence Tunisienne d&#39;Internet
1786        "xn--qxam", // ελ ICS-FORTH GR
1787        "xn--s9brj9c", // ਭਾਰਤ National Internet Exchange of India
1788        "xn--wgbh1c", // مصر National Telecommunication Regulatory Authority - NTRA
1789        "xn--wgbl6a", // قطر Communications Regulatory Authority
1790        "xn--xkc2al3hye2a", // இலங்கை LK Domain Registry
1791        "xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h", // இந்தியா National Internet Exchange of India
1792        "xn--y9a3aq", // ??? Internet Society
1793        "xn--yfro4i67o", // 新加坡 Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC) Pte Ltd
1794        "xn--ygbi2ammx", // فلسطين Ministry of Telecom &amp; Information Technology (MTIT)
1795        "ye",                 // Yemen
1796        "yt",                 // Mayotte
1797        "za",                 // South Africa
1798        "zm",                 // Zambia
1799        "zw",                 // Zimbabwe
1800    };
1801
1802    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
1803    private static final String[] LOCAL_TLDS = {
1804       "localdomain",         // Also widely used as localhost.localdomain
1805       "localhost",           // RFC2606 defined
1806    };
1807
1808    // Additional arrays to supplement or override the built in ones.
1809    // The PLUS arrays are valid keys, the MINUS arrays are invalid keys
1810
1811    /*
1812     * This field is used to detect whether the getInstance has been called.
1813     * After this, the method updateTLDOverride is not allowed to be called.
1814     * This field does not need to be volatile since it is only accessed from
1815     * synchronized methods.
1816     */
1817    private static boolean inUse;
1818
1819    /*
1820     * These arrays are mutable, but they don't need to be volatile.
1821     * They can only be updated by the updateTLDOverride method, and any readers must get an instance
1822     * using the getInstance methods which are all (now) synchronised.
1823     */
1824    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
1825    private static volatile String[] countryCodeTLDsPlus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1826
1827    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
1828    private static volatile String[] genericTLDsPlus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1829
1830    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
1831    private static volatile String[] countryCodeTLDsMinus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1832
1833    // WARNING: this array MUST be sorted, otherwise it cannot be searched reliably using binary search
1834    private static volatile String[] genericTLDsMinus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1835
1836    /**
1837     * enum used by {@link DomainValidator#updateTLDOverride(ArrayType, String[])}
1838     * to determine which override array to update / fetch
1839     * @since 1.5.0
1840     * @since 1.5.1 made public and added read-only array references
1841     */
1842    public enum ArrayType {
1843        /** Update (or get a copy of) the GENERIC_TLDS_PLUS table containing additional generic TLDs */
1844        GENERIC_PLUS,
1845        /** Update (or get a copy of) the GENERIC_TLDS_MINUS table containing deleted generic TLDs */
1846        GENERIC_MINUS,
1847        /** Update (or get a copy of) the COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_PLUS table containing additional country code TLDs */
1848        COUNTRY_CODE_PLUS,
1849        /** Update (or get a copy of) the COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS_MINUS table containing deleted country code TLDs */
1850        COUNTRY_CODE_MINUS,
1851        /** Get a copy of the generic TLDS table */
1852        GENERIC_RO,
1853        /** Get a copy of the country code table */
1854        COUNTRY_CODE_RO,
1855        /** Get a copy of the infrastructure table */
1856        INFRASTRUCTURE_RO,
1857        /** Get a copy of the local table */
1858        LOCAL_RO
1859    }
1860
1861    // For use by unit test code only
1862    static synchronized void clearTLDOverrides() {
1863        inUse = false;
1864        countryCodeTLDsPlus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1865        countryCodeTLDsMinus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1866        genericTLDsPlus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1867        genericTLDsMinus = EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
1868    }
1869
1870    /**
1871     * Update one of the TLD override arrays.
1872     * This must only be done at program startup, before any instances are accessed using getInstance.
1873     * <p>
1874     * For example:
1875     * <p>
1876     * <code>DomainValidator.updateTLDOverride(ArrayType.GENERIC_PLUS, new String[]{"apache"})}</code>
1877     * <p>
1878     * To clear an override array, provide an empty array.
1879     *
1880     * @param table the table to update, see {@link DomainValidator.ArrayType}
1881     * Must be one of the following
1882     * <ul>
1883     * <li>COUNTRY_CODE_MINUS</li>
1884     * <li>COUNTRY_CODE_PLUS</li>
1885     * <li>GENERIC_MINUS</li>
1886     * <li>GENERIC_PLUS</li>
1887     * </ul>
1888     * @param tlds the array of TLDs, must not be null
1889     * @throws IllegalStateException if the method is called after getInstance
1890     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if one of the read-only tables is requested
1891     * @since 1.5.0
1892     */
1893    public static synchronized void updateTLDOverride(ArrayType table, String... tlds) {
1894        if (inUse) {
1895            throw new IllegalStateException("Can only invoke this method before calling getInstance");
1896        }
1897        // Comparisons are always done with lower-case entries
1898        String[] copy = Arrays.stream(tlds)
1899                .map(tld -> tld.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH))
1900                .toArray(String[]::new);
1901        Arrays.sort(copy);
1902        switch(table) {
1903        case COUNTRY_CODE_MINUS:
1904            countryCodeTLDsMinus = copy;
1905            break;
1906        case COUNTRY_CODE_PLUS:
1907            countryCodeTLDsPlus = copy;
1908            break;
1909        case GENERIC_MINUS:
1910            genericTLDsMinus = copy;
1911            break;
1912        case GENERIC_PLUS:
1913            genericTLDsPlus = copy;
1914            break;
1915        case COUNTRY_CODE_RO:
1916        case GENERIC_RO:
1917        case INFRASTRUCTURE_RO:
1918        case LOCAL_RO:
1919            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot update the table: " + table);
1920        default:
1921            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected enum value: " + table);
1922        }
1923    }
1924
1925    /**
1926     * Get a copy of the internal array.
1927     * @param table the array type (any of the enum values)
1928     * @return a copy of the array
1929     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the table type is unexpected (should not happen)
1930     * @since 1.5.1
1931     */
1932    public static String[] getTLDEntries(ArrayType table) {
1933        final String[] array;
1934        switch(table) {
1935        case COUNTRY_CODE_MINUS:
1936            array = countryCodeTLDsMinus;
1937            break;
1938        case COUNTRY_CODE_PLUS:
1939            array = countryCodeTLDsPlus;
1940            break;
1941        case GENERIC_MINUS:
1942            array = genericTLDsMinus;
1943            break;
1944        case GENERIC_PLUS:
1945            array = genericTLDsPlus;
1946            break;
1947        case GENERIC_RO:
1948            array = GENERIC_TLDS;
1949            break;
1950        case COUNTRY_CODE_RO:
1951            array = COUNTRY_CODE_TLDS;
1952            break;
1953        case INFRASTRUCTURE_RO:
1954            array = INFRASTRUCTURE_TLDS;
1955            break;
1956        case LOCAL_RO:
1957            array = LOCAL_TLDS;
1958            break;
1959        default:
1960            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected enum value: " + table);
1961        }
1962        return Arrays.copyOf(array, array.length); // clone the array
1963    }
1964
1965    /**
1966     * Converts potentially Unicode input to punycode.
1967     * If conversion fails, returns the original input.
1968     *
1969     * @param input the string to convert, not null
1970     * @return converted input, or original input if conversion fails
1971     */
1972    // Needed by UrlValidator
1973    public static String unicodeToASCII(String input) {
1974        if (isOnlyASCII(input)) { // skip possibly expensive processing
1975            return input;
1976        }
1977        try {
1978            final String ascii = IDN.toASCII(input);
1979            if (IdnBugHolder.IDN_TOASCII_PRESERVES_TRAILING_DOTS) {
1980                return ascii;
1981            }
1982            final int length = input.length();
1983            if (length == 0) { // check there is a last character
1984                return input;
1985            }
1986            // RFC3490 3.1. 1)
1987            //            Whenever dots are used as label separators, the following
1988            //            characters MUST be recognized as dots: U+002E (full stop), U+3002
1989            //            (ideographic full stop), U+FF0E (fullwidth full stop), U+FF61
1990            //            (halfwidth ideographic full stop).
1991            char lastChar = input.charAt(length-1); // fetch original last char
1992            switch(lastChar) {
1993                case '\u002E': // "." full stop
1994                case '\u3002': // ideographic full stop
1995                case '\uFF0E': // fullwidth full stop
1996                case '\uFF61': // halfwidth ideographic full stop
1997                    return ascii + '.'; // restore the missing stop
1998                default:
1999                    return ascii;
2000            }
2001        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { // input is not valid
2002            Logging.trace(e);
2003            return input;
2004        }
2005    }
2006
2007    private static class IdnBugHolder {
2008        private static boolean keepsTrailingDot() {
2009            final String input = "a."; // must be a valid name
2010            return input.equals(IDN.toASCII(input));
2011        }
2012
2013        private static final boolean IDN_TOASCII_PRESERVES_TRAILING_DOTS = keepsTrailingDot();
2014    }
2015
2016    /*
2017     * Check if input contains only ASCII
2018     * Treats null as all ASCII
2019     */
2020    private static boolean isOnlyASCII(String input) {
2021        if (input == null) {
2022            return true;
2023        }
2024        return IntStream.range(0, input.length()).noneMatch(i -> input.charAt(i) > 0x7F); // CHECKSTYLE IGNORE MagicNumber
2025    }
2026
2027    /**
2028     * Check if a sorted array contains the specified key
2029     *
2030     * @param sortedArray the array to search
2031     * @param key the key to find
2032     * @return {@code true} if the array contains the key
2033     */
2034    private static boolean arrayContains(String[] sortedArray, String key) {
2035        return Arrays.binarySearch(sortedArray, key) >= 0;
2036    }
2037}